Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – the most common form of sleep apnea – is a disorder characterized by blockage of airflow during sleep and affects more than 12 million people in the U.S. While common in the 40 to 60 year age bracket, many people are predisposed to develop OSA, which can be life threatening if not treated properly. While millions of Americans suffer from OSA, there are only two first-line treatments to mitigate its effects: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mandibular repositioning devices (MRDs). CPAP keeps the airway open during sleep by blowing a constant stream of air into the throat using a mask that covers the mouth and/or nose. MRDs are oral appliances that fit between the upper and lower teeth, protruding the lower jaw in one, fixed forward position for the entire night to reduce the collapsibility of the airway. Although CPAP provides a more efficacious therapy than MRDs, recent studies suggest that both therapies are comparable in overall treatment effectiveness due to greater patient preference and adherence to MRDs.
Rita Brugarolas and Jose Manuel Valero-Sarmiento, ASSIST PhD students in Electrical Engineering and research assistants in Dr. Alper Bozkurt’s iBionics Laboratory at North Carolina State University, conceived a novel idea: an auto-titrating oral appliance for at home use. The idea for this project came about when the two partnered in Dr. Troy Nagle’s Medical Instrumentation class at NC State University. Roughly prototyping the project within this course, the two continued research when taking Product Innovation Lab – a core course in the ASSIST graduate certificate in nano-systems engineering.
Brugarolas and Valero-Sarmiento provided an overview of their research – Development of an Auto-Adjusting Mandibular Repositioning Device for In-Home Use:
“What we invente
d is a device to make oral appliances (MRDs) that are used in the home auto-adjusting. The device includes a sensor platform to detect difficulty in breathing and an actuator toprotrude the lower jaw only when needed, improving patient comfort and potentially minimizing the short and long term side-effects of MRDs caused by unnecessarily excessive jaw advancement. In addition our solution provides patients, physicians, dentists and insurance companies with information about device usage and efficacy of treatment, which is not available in current MRDs.”
A collaboration with Dr. Greg Essick from the UNC School of Dentistry has proven highly beneficial for the student researchers. On top of their partnerships with medical professionals, Brugarolas and Valero-Sarmiento have been awarded high honors for their novel research. Their work was recently selected as one of three recipients of the American Academy of Dental Sleep medicine (AADSM) Student Research Award, based on the scientific merit of their abstract submitted to and presented at the 2015 AADSM 24th Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington on June 4 – 6. Additionally, they received first place in the graduate category at the Seventh Annual Leadership and Innovative Showcase organized by the Poole College of Management and NC State University.
Brugarolas states that “it has been a great multidisciplinary learning experience in which we have interacted with students and experts from very different fields in order to shape our idea into a working prototype. We had to leave our comfort zone and learn about materials and pneumatics to build the actuator. We also applied our expertise to work out the electronics for the sensor integration and the Bluetooth data transmission, and to develop machine learning algorithms to process the sensor data. I think that this ‘Systems Thinking’ competence is one of the key skills that ASSIST provides to the students.”
For more details on the device, please see the Journal of Dental Sleep Medicine – 24th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (Poster #013).
Source: Adapted from ASSIST article “ASSIST Students Push Toward Sleep Apnea Innovation.”